In the early twentieth century, W.E. B. Du Bois wrote a book entitled The Souls of Black Folks in which he analyzed the Black traditions

The Civil War had been fought and won; the 13th amendment (abolishing slavery), the 14th amendment (Negro citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and

The Jim Crow mentality was not only discriminatory, it was also hateful and violent. The Ku Klux Klan was established in the Reconstruction South. But,

Because industry needed workers to produce material for the fighting effort, World War I brought about mass movement of blacks out of the South to

In an effort to combat the forces of racial prejudice and hate, W.E.B. Du Bois and others founded the National Association for the Advancement of

As noted earlier, segregation existed in the United States armed forces. The Army, Navy and other branches of the services separated blacks and whites into

“The ultimate terror of racism lies in its ability to make the subjects of racism believe in their own inferiority…. Whether it was the act

In 1954, the NAACP’s efforts to reverse the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson that supported the Jim Crow system reached fruition when

“Out of the pressure and needs involved in maintaining group unity while working under intense pressure and physical hostility, the Sit-In Movement developed its culture.

In May 1961, a group of 13 young people (seven black and six white) sponsored by CORE and modeled after the 1947 CORE “Journey of